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| | Philosophy of language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The philosophy of language was so pervasive that for a time, in analytic philosophy circles, philosophy as a whole was understood to be a matter of mere philosophy of language. | | | Though philosophers had always discussed language, it took on a central role in philosophy beginning in the late nineteenth century, especially in the English speaking world and parts of Europe. | | | Philosophy of language is the branch of philosophy that studies language. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language
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| | Free will - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Free will is therefore discussed at length in Jewish philosophy, firstly as regards God's purpose in creation, and secondly as regards the closely related, resultant, paradox. | | | In emergentist or generative philosophy of cognitive science and evolutionary psychology, free will is the generation of near-infinite possible behaviours from the interaction of a finite, deterministic set of rules and parameters. | | | Some philosophers believe that free will is equivalent to having a soul, and thus that for at least some animals do not have free will. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will
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| | Mechanism (philosophy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Anti-mechanists argue that anthropic mechanism is incompatible with our commonsense intuitions: in philosophy of mind they argue that unconscious matter cannot completely explain the phenomenon of consciousness, and in metaphysics they argue that anthropic mechanism implies determinism about human action, which (they argue) is incompatible with our understanding of ourselves as creatures with free will. | | | In philosophy, mechanism is a theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes. | | | What is less frequently appreciated is that René Descartes, who is today remembered mainly as a paradigmatic enemy of materialism and mechanism (and in that respect quite the opposite of Hobbes), also did much to advance the mechanistic understanding of nature, in both his scientific works on mechanics and in his philosophical works on metaphysics. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy)
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| | Sublime (philosophy) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Since the end of the 18th century, influenced by the works of the Romantic writers, the sublime, beautiful and picturesque have a more defined philosophy, and have florished in many forms of art. | | | For Kant, the sublime represented a feeling derived from aesthetic judgment, in which we realize the limits of our human nature: that is, we realize we cannot conceive of something because it is part of the noumenal realm. | | | In aesthetics, the sublime (from the Latin sublimis (exalted)) is the quality of transcendent greatness, whether physical, moral, intellectual or artistic. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)
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| | African philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In the Christian tradition, Augustine of Hippo was a cornerstone of Christian philosophy and theology. | | | Although African philosophers spend their time doing work in many different areas, such as metaphysics, epistemology, moral philosophy, and political philosophy, a great deal of the literature is taken up with a debate concerning the nature of African philosophy itself. | | | He challenged a number of ideas of his age including Arianism, and established the notions of original sin and divine grace in Christian philosophy and theology. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_philosophy
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| | Objectivist philosophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Objectivists often respond to this by saying either that a) the claims are exaggerated, b) the cult-like practices were (unfortunately) irrational but do not disprove the philosophy, or c) such statements are justified because one's confidence in Rand is (or should be) based on reason and one's own individual, reality-oriented values. | | | Rand considered her epistemology and its basis in reason so central to her philosophy that she remarked, "I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. | | | Objectivists believe that reason can yield knowledge in the sense of certain truths about our world, and rejects philosophical skepticism. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivist_philosophy
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| | Gellner E |
| | Linguistic Philosophy is naive to insist on the neutrality of concepts and of their accounts of them. | | | Gellner's main target in the book is what he calls Linguistic Philosophy, as expounded by a group of Oxford philosophers influenced by the later works of Wittgenstein, as was Winch. | | | Linguistic Philosophy is a domesticated and gentlemanly philosophy, avoiding argument and demands for justification, quite like the '[aristocratic view that] nobility lies in being' (278). |
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http://www.arasite.org/gellner.htm
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| | Philosophy Now |
| | But a formula which defines the sublime in cerebral terms alone may be as much a sign of the deterioration of the soul in the eighteenth century, as the equation of the term with the sensual is a sign of the deterioration of our language in the twentieth century. | | | Actually, the opposite is the case: Burke's and Kant's theories of the sublime sprang from world-views in which what one thought of God's relationship to man determined the very legitimacy of aesthetics as a field of inquiry. | | | In the context of the dynamically sublime, then, it is fear of God in the traditional sense - before He became dynamically sublime - which Kant finds analogous to making a graven image. |
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http://www.philosophynow.org/archive/articles/11hirshberg.htm
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| | One of the fecunds and susceptibles aspects of developments of the René Girard thought appears placing, between philosophy and |
| | A philosophy of religion as knowledge in faith assumes the outside intellectual symbolism, canceling its violent effects; and it does so through the Christian symbols: in fact, the intellectual symbolism is assumed and already demystified in these Christian symbols. | | | Religion and philosophy meet face to face and the aim of each is to win a victory over the other: every theology and every doctrine would be the final one, the seal on the truth, the last word – a violent word - in the dispute. | | | Philosophy first denounces the persistence of religion and intensifies the declarations of war towards it; later it tastes the effects of sacrifice and then preaches generosity; when at last religion proves to be too weak to still play the role of the skulking enemy, philosophy, to keep it alive, discovers sensitivity and Romanticism. |
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http://www.homestead.com/bibliosophia/files/BUBBIO.htm
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy |
| | Since the universal order falls within the scope of philosophy (which studies only its first principles, not its reasons in detail), philosophy is led to the consideration of all that is: the world, God (or its cause), and man himself (his nature, origin, operations, moral end, and scientific activities). | | | The Renaissance was a troublous period for philosophy. | | | For Catholic philosophy the relations between philosophy and theology, between reason and faith, were fixed, in a chapter of scientific methodology, by the great Scholastic thinkers of the thirteenth century. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12025c.htm
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| | Greek Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | Philosophy was first brought into connection with practical life by Pythagoras of Samos (about 582-504 BCE), from whom it received its name: "the love of wisdom". | | | Philosophy to him meant science, and its aim was the recognition of the purpose in all things. | | | The last home of philosophy was at Athens, where Proclus (411-485) sought to reduce to a kind of system the whole mass of philosophic tradition, until in 529 CE, the teaching of philosophy at Athens was forbidden by Justinian. |
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http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/greekphi.htm
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| | Dallas Willard ARTICLES |
| | However, the manner and the extent in which language may be fundamental to philosophy as a whole is surely at present still a highly speculative matter, to be settled only by the progress of investigations in linguistics and the philosophy of language—and possibly the progress of human knowledge in general. | | | Linguistic philosophy is rumored to be dead and gone, its passing unnoticed until long after the fact, and largely unmourned. | | | Semantic ascent is a methodological strategy in philosophy in which one turns (or "ascends") from speaking—or attempting to speak--of certain apparently non-linguistic matters to speaking of correlated entities, events, or structures that are constituents of language, or are in some sense linguistic. |
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http://www.dwillard.org/articles/artview.asp?artID=72
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| | 20th WCP: Pragmatism, Perfectionism, and Feminism |
| | Pragmatism is revolutionary both in the sense of being a philosophy that is critical, destabilizing, and progressive, as well as in the sense of being a philosophy that, in the turning philosophical tides, has come back. | | | For Cornel West, pragmatism represents a kind of return to philosophy, a return, that is, from a false to a genuine philosophy. | | | Pragmatism was eclipsed in the first half of the twentieth century by analytic philosophy, in its various forms, but in the last decade or so pragmatism has returned in full force, and with an explicitly philosophical agenda. |
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http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Gend/GendGilm.htm
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| | Department of Philosophy |
| | A study of ancient Greek philosophy through study of the dialogues of Plato and the treatises of Aristotle. | | | Readings in the history of philosophy (Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, Newton, Rousseau, and Hume, among others), in Emerson and Thoreau, and in contemporary nature writers and natural scientists. | | | An important movement of twentieth-century philosophy, phenomenology represents an original approach to traditional philosophical questions based on the investigation of how "lived experience" animates the various ways in which the world is meaningful for human beings. |
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http://www.wellesley.edu/DeanCollege/CCI/Proposed/philosophy.html
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| | why study? |
| | Although the diversity of philosophies doesn’t prove that philosophy is a pseudo-science, it is still possible that it is one — it could be like astrology, in which none of the competing schools are correct. | | | Some people (mostly non-philosophers) draw the conclusion from this diversity that philosophy is utterly subjective (like taste in music, or eating habits), and hence not worthy of being studied at university. | | | English-language philosophy is not the same as Continental philosophy, or the philosophy that is studied in Catholic seminaries; and the European tradition is very different from Islamic, Indian, or Chinese philosophy. |
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http://www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk/GMR/hmp/modules/hdc0405/handbook/whystudyhp.html
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| | www.aways.com: Stanford, stanford encyclopedia, encyclopedia, philosophy, metaphysics, and reality. |
| | Directory : Society : Philosophy : Metaphysics : | | | www.aways.com: Stanford, stanford encyclopedia, encyclopedia, philosophy, metaphysics, and reality. | | | Philosophy of Time - An essay on the philosophy of time. |
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http://www.aways.com/Directory/Society/Philosophy/Metaphysics/
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| | Archive - Grotto - Samizdat |
| | It is for this reason that Benjamin was liberated from the grey annals of German philosophy and became the patron saint of late-modern 'theory'... | | | The troubled concept of aura -- derived from Baudelaire, Proust and Proust's Bergsonian persona (and inflected with East European Jewish mystical tendencies) -- seems the key to Benjamin's philosophy of history, while also his chief problem (complaint) with Heidegger, given that Heidegger's concept of historicity rang false for Benjamin. | | | Sublime Potential / Appropriating Pascal / Prolegomena / Schiller: Notes on the Sublime; |
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http://www.geocities.com/ateliermp/benjamin1.html
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| | Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": "Neopositivism: Linguistic Philosophy & Critical Rationalism" by Andras Gedo |
| | Quine's philosophy tends to renew positivism; his views suffering from the limitations of linguistic philosophy (the problematic of society is mentioned only where Quine delves into the social nature of language) and the nebulous character of his questions kept his influence relatively limited. | | | This linguistic positivism caused him to make ordinary spoken language the subject of his "analysis," in order to drive out the ghost of "metaphysics"; in line with his first beginnings, he reduced himself to this method, completely rejecting philosophical problems, thus demonstrating in himself the crisis and deterioration of late-bourgeois philosophy. | | | The general crisis of bourgeois philosophy, however, made itself felt in the quickly disappearing self-confidence of the succession of philosophical fashions, in the tottering of schools that yesterday seemed to have conquered the world. |
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http://www.autodidactproject.org/other/gedoco2a.html
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| | American Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | For instance, the analysis of language was important throughout much of the twentieth century, but of very little concern before then, while the relation between philosophy and religion, of great significance early in American Philosophy, paled in importance during much of the twentieth century. | | | The references below are for books that deal widely with American Philosophy as a whole. | | | Broadly speaking, American Philosophy in the eighteenth century can be divided into two halves, the first still heavily influenced by the Calvinism of the Puritans and the second more directly along the lines of the European Enlightenment and associated with the political philosophy of the Founding Fathers (e.g., Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin). |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/american.htm
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| | Howard University Libraries |
| | Philosophy itself is the continual vision of being and order, sustaining both the integrity of scientific inquiry and the good faith of moral effort and social reform. | | | From the side of the personal concerns and perplexities of the stargazer, philosophy arises as reflection on aspiration, duty, mutability, and destiny. | | | Philosophy, one may say, arises with the sense of wonder and quiet perplexity of the stargazer and it is concerned with being and primary causes, and with the chain or catenation of causes and effects in the realm of mutable things. |
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http://www.founders.howard.edu/bannerWA
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| | Jean-François Lyotard [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | This rejection is manifested in the philosophy of paganism that preceded Lyotard's postmodernism. | | | Lyotard's philosophy of language and justice is most fully developed through the concept of the differend, in the book of the same name. | | | Just as pagan religions believe in a number of different gods rather than just one God, Lyotard's pagan philosophy represents a concern for pluralism and multiplicity (terms he uses synonymously to oppose the idea of universality). |
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http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/Lyotard.htm
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| | Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophy |
| | Reasoning is the calculation actually done, and a reason goes back one step in the calculus. | | | There are two senses of "reason": reason for, and cause. | | | To name causal connections is to give an hypothesis. |
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http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/at/wittgens.htm
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| | Faith and Reason [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | But when reason confronts what is incomprehensible, it remains unshaken since it is guided by faith's affirmation of the truth of its own incomprehensible claims. | | | As such, "faith cures reason, which has been wounded by sin." So, while the laws of works are for the most part prohibitions against certain sins, the laws of faith tend to be positive duties, such as the injunctions to love one's enemies and to carry one's cross daily. | | | Kant's claim that theoretical reason was unable to grasp truths about God effectively continued the contraction of the authority of scienta in matters of faith that had been occurring since the late medieval period. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/faith-re.htm
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| | Philosophy Truth Reality: The Reality of Truth and the Truth of Reality (WSM). Absolute Truth from Absolute Space |
| | Philosophy Truth Reality: The Reality of Truth and the Truth of Reality (WSM). | | | What is at issue is the conversion of the mind from the twilight of error to the truth, that climb up into the real world which we shall call true philosophy. | | | One trait in the philosopher's character we can assume is his love of the knowledge that reveals eternal reality, the realm unaffected by change and decay. |
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http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Truth-Reality.htm
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| | The Philosophy of Rudolph Hermann Lotze |
| | He insisted that philosophy be rooted in the natural sciences, because human beings are subject to the same natural laws as inanimate objects. | | | Lotze's philosophy becomes an idealistic pantheism in which the substance of Spinoza and the monads of Leibniz are united. | | | All nature, which is a mechanism directed by purpose, is the expression of the creative will of God. |
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http://radicalacademy.com/philrhlotze.htm
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| | Free Will |
| | The cause of the volition is the man that willed it. | | | Perfect goodness will naturally communicate itself outwardly; God who is perfect goodness will naturally create, generating a dependent reality that imperfectly reflects that goodness. | | | His will is divided, and his actions proceed from desires with which he does not reflectively identify. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill
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| | Narrative Telos: The Ordering Tendencies of Chance |
| | It is assumed that telos should be expunged from a true work of art, since it would represent an attempt to impose an external, artificial, and subjective principle upon reality. | | | Forth, the various philosophies that I group in Chapter Five under the term deterministic fortuity accept the tenants of material determinism, but have used the concept of fortuity to argue for human, or even cosmic, intentionality. | | | [77] My argument that telos is emergent and dynamically stable (i.e., resulting from stochastic interactions), avoids the pitfalls of traditional metaphysics as described by Derrida. |
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http://www.dactyl.org/directors/vna/Narrative_Telos.htm
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| | Authoring the Constitution: The Problem of Closure (Chapter 3) |
| | Carlyle brilliantly expresses Victorian anxiety about the autophagic tendency of self-conscious philosophy in the image of the Irish saint who carries his head in his mouth: "Consider it well, Metaphysics is the attempt of the mind to rise above the mind; to environ and shut in, or as we say, comprehend the mind. | | | Teufelsdröckh becomes a prisoner of time and eighteenth-century mechanistic philosophy; the French people are prisoners of outworn feudal monarchy. | | | Both kinds of closure may be regarded as illusory, but this has never prevented authors from seeking to achieve it (see Barthes, "Work to Text"; Derrida; D. Miller; Lotman, 232-39; Vanden Bossche, "Desire and Deferral of Closure"). |
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http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/carlyle/vandenbossche/3g.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mechanism |
| | Whatever one may think of the Cartesian revolution in the realm of philosophy, it has certainly stimulated research in the scientific field. | | | For the same reason, the mechanical interpretations of the dynamic aspect of things, that is to say of cosmic evolution, prove futile. | | | It is none the less true, however, that Mechanism as a cosmic theory must be rejected. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10100a.htm
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| | Maurice Merleau-Ponty |
| | In this sense Marxism is not a philosophy of history; it is the philosophy of history and to denounce it is to dig the grave of Reason in history. | | | In his Inaugural Address to the Collège de France, he claimed that "philosophy limps" and further on that "this limping of philosophy is its virtue" (In Praise of Philosophy, 61). | | | Between the evolution of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of language and his political philosophy, there is a certain parallel. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/merleau-ponty
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